{"id":13728,"date":"2021-10-13T02:26:45","date_gmt":"2021-10-13T02:26:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ixox.net\/?p=13728"},"modified":"2024-09-11T11:11:04","modified_gmt":"2024-09-11T04:11:04","slug":"vat-lieu-composite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ixox.net\/vat-lieu-composite\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u Composite L\u00e0 G\u00ec? Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n V\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Composite l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite<\/a>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u compozit, hay composite l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb hai hay nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang r\u1ebd ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh cong v\u00eanh khi ph\u01a1i n\u1eafng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 5000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean; hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y m\u1eadt ong tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1, c\u00e1t s\u1ecfi l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng; t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, b\u00f9n tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi r\u01a1m b\u0103m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1t v\u00e1ch nh\u00e0, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng, m\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 \u1ea5m v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac composite c\u00f3 trong ch\u00ednh th\u00e2n g\u1ed7, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee3i xenlulo d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng Lignin, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac composite l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00fap th\u00e2n c\u00e2y v\u1eeba b\u1ec1n v\u1eeba d\u1ebbo dai.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u00ean l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edbi nay, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t – ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Composite<\/h2>\n
\"S\u01a1
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 minh h\u1ecda c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o Composite<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u pha gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t pha n\u1ec1n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Pha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pha n\u1ec1n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n (matrix), l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c pha gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i. Pha gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t hay v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gia c\u01b0\u1eddng (reinforcement) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o pha n\u1ec1n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u01a1 t\u00ednh, t\u00ednh k\u1ebft d\u00ednh, ch\u1ed1ng m\u00f2n, ch\u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026 N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t b\u00ean trong composite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho composite, c\u00f2n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho composite c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (n\u1ec1n nh\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 polyester, PE, PP, PVC, Epoxy, cao su\u2026), n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i (titan, nh\u00f4m, \u0111\u1ed3ng\u2026), n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m ceramic<\/a> v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, khi c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t sang pha gia c\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n b\u1ec1n d\u1ebbo dai \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng t\u1eeb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc…<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t d\u1ea1ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1, b\u1edfi v\u1eady c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ed9n nh\u1ef1a v\u1edbi c\u1ed1t r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u01a1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1ee3i g\u1ed1m th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1ed9n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5m l\u00ean c\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u<\/a> do c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111en kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eb9, b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t\u2026 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1m nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i (nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf). V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t cao, c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1 nh\u1eb9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"V\u1eadt<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t c\u00f3 hai ki\u1ec3u l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1t s\u1ee3i (ng\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c d\u00e0i) v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1t h\u1ea1t. Nh\u00f3m s\u1ee3i g\u1ed3m s\u1ee3i kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t (s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh, s\u1ee3i cacbon, s\u1ee3i g\u1ed1m), s\u1ee3i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t (s\u1ee3i kermel, s\u1ee3i nomex, s\u1ee3i kynol, s\u1ee3i apyeil), s\u1ee3i g\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (g\u1ed7, xenlulo), s\u1ee3i g\u1ed1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t (s\u1ee3i amiang, s\u1ee3i silic), s\u1ee3i nh\u1ef1a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (s\u1ee3i polyestes, s\u1ee3i polyamit), s\u1ee3i kim lo\u1ea1i (s\u1ee3i th\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u00f4m). Nh\u00f3m d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1t h\u1ea1t g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i, h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, b\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ed9t g\u1ed7\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n, truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng. C\u00f9ng Tinh H\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.1 S\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh<\/h3>\n

S\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (th\u1ee7y tinh d\u1ec7t), m\u1ed7i s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c micro m\u00e9t. Khi th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o th\u00e0nh s\u1ee3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh kh\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 gi\u00f2n, d\u1ec5 n\u1ee9t g\u00e3y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh d\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a th\u00eam nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 silic, nh\u00f4m, magie\u2026 khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh A (h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ec1m cao), s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh C (\u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n h\u00f3a cao), s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh E (d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t), s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh D (c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t), s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh R v\u00e0 S c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2 S\u1ee3i cacbon<\/h3>\n

S\u1ee3i cacbon ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i graphit (than ch\u00ec), c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00e1ch nhau kho\u1ea3ng 3,35 A<\/span>o<\/span>. Trong s\u1ee3i cacbon, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh l\u1ee5c l\u0103ng, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp l\u00e0 1,42 A<\/span>o<\/span>. S\u1ee3i cacbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u01a1 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, b\u1ec1n, nh\u1eb9, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.3 S\u1ee3i kevlar<\/h3>\n

S\u1ee3i kevlar c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cao ph\u00e2n t\u1eed aramit, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p (-10 <\/span>o<\/span>C), sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o ra th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i trong dung d\u1ecbch, sau c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee3i kevlar th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb aramit nh\u01b0 twaron, technora,.. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh, tuy nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.4 S\u1ee3i Bor<\/h3>\n

S\u1ee3i Bor hay Bore, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i g\u1ed1m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a. S\u1ee3i bor c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng: d\u00e2y s\u1ee3i d\u00e0i g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee3i nh\u1ecf song song, b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea9m th\u1ea5m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea5n \u1ed1ng, v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.5 S\u1ee3i Carbide Silic<\/h3>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i bor th\u00ec s\u1ee3i carbide silic c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i g\u1ed1m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"S\u1ee3i
S\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Composite<\/h2>\n

C\u01a1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Composite ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh sau:<\/span><\/p>\n